Defensive architecture, also known as hostile architecture or anti-homeless design, refers to design strategies and elements in public and private spaces intended to restrict or control certain behaviors—typically those associated with loitering, skateboarding, or sleeping in public. These designs are often subtle but effective, and they can serve various purposes ranging from safety to property protection.

Common Examples of Defensive Architecture:

• Skate deterrents: metal studs or brackets on ledges and rails to prevent grinding.
• Anti-homeless benches: benches with armrests or sloped surfaces that prevent lying down.
• Spiked surfaces or studs: placed in doorways or ledges to discourage sitting or sleeping.
• Dividers on wide surfaces: to prevent people from using them as beds.
• Motion-activated lighting or sound: used to discourage loitering in alcoves or secluded areas.

Purposes:

• Reduce vandalism or property damage.
• Increase safety and reduce crime.
• Maintain the aesthetic and functional use of spaces.
• Discourage behavior considered undesirable by property owners or municipalities.

Criticism:

Defensive architecture is often criticized for being exclusionary, especially toward unhoused individuals. Critics argue that instead of addressing root social issues like homelessness or youth recreation needs, these designs push vulnerable groups further into hardship.

Support:

Supporters claim it protects property, ensures public safety, and preserves access to infrastructure for its intended uses (e.g., seating for commuters, not long-term sleeping areas).